Shock

Shock happens when not enough blood reaches the organs: from bleeding, large burns, dehydration, severe infection, or anaphylaxis. It can kill even if the original injury seems under control.

Signs: fast, weak pulse, rapid breathing, pale, gray, cold, or clammy skin, restlessness, confusion or irritability, nausea or vomiting, intense thirst.

1. Call 911 and treat the cause (stop the bleeding).
2. Lay the person on their back. If there is no trauma, raise the feet 6–12 in (15–30 cm), unless another position is more comfortable or helps them breathe.
3. Keep them warm: a blanket over them and, if possible, under them (the floor steals heat). If it's hot, remove a layer.
4. Do not give food or drink (risk of vomiting and aspiration).
5. Reassure the person and monitor breathing and level of consciousness. If they vomit or you can't watch them the whole time, use the recovery position.