Sharks: the real risk

The risk of a shark bite is extremely low. The International Shark Attack File (ISAF, Florida Museum) recorded a total of 65 unprovoked bites worldwide in 2025, 25 of them in the U.S. (one fatal, in California). On U.S. beaches, rip currents, heat, and vehicle accidents on the sand are far greater dangers.

To reduce the risk (ISAF)

• Swim with others and close to shore.
• Do not swim at dawn or dusk.
• Do not swim near schools of fish or where people are fishing.
• Do not wear shiny jewelry and avoid excessive splashing.
• Do not enter the water with open, bleeding wounds.

If a shark approaches or tries to bite

1. Maintain eye contact and back away slowly; get out of the water if you can.
2. If it tries to bite, strike the eyes and gills: they are sensitive areas regardless of your strength.
3. Hit the snout and push to drive it away. Water takes the force out of a punch; pushing with an object (board, camera) works better.
4. Out of the water, control the bleeding with direct pressure or a tourniquet (chapter 7) and call 911.

On a drifting raft: do not trail your hands or feet in the water, do not throw fish scraps or blood overboard, and stop fishing if sharks appear.